Articles Contained in SIRS Enduring Issues 2002. Originally Published: Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires, Nov./Dec. 2001; pp. 17-30.
This article presents the violent history of Afghanistan, emphasizing the Afghans' ability to prevent empires from conquering their land. "This spot, perhaps more than any other, has witnessed the traverse of the world's great armies on campaigns of conquest to and from South and Central Asia. All eventually ran into trouble in their encounters with the unruly Afghan tribals." (FOREIGN AFFAIRS)